Accordingly, the apparently contradictory views mentioned above may turn out to be compatible to some extent. While experiments with non-human animals may demonstrate the proficiency to track how sensory stimuli vary with bodily movements, similar experiments with children may reveal something else about what goes on in the mind of a 2-year-old child when it responds meaningfully to its mirror image. Second, we must allow that the process of learning to recognize oneself in a mirror may vary from species to species. Like other cognitive achievements, recognizing oneself in a mirror requires some practice and therefore allows for “partial accomplishments” (see Courage et al. This observation holds not just for self-recognition in general, but also applies specifically to the phenomenon of mirror self-recognition. It is a well-established empirical fact that “self-recognition does not emerge suddenly with one particular behaviour, but develops gradually” (Bertenthal and Fischer 1978, p. First, we need to overcome the common sense intuition that recognizing oneself in the mirror is an all-or-nothing phenomenon. In this paper, I argue that in order to advance the debate on mirror self-recognition, two critical moves need to be made. None of these interpretations has found general acceptance, however. Further evidence from developmental studies suggests that success in the mirror task may be indicative of a socially induced form of self-awareness that emerges from integration of both perceptual and interpersonal experiences (see Rochat 2001 Rochat and Zahavi 2011). 2014), others have interpreted the mirror task as indicating only a sensorimotor capacity to match visual and kinaesthetic stimuli (see Mitchell 1993a Heyes 1994 Povinelli and Cant 1995 Povinelli 2000 Schwenkler 2008). When one removes an unusual mark on one’s face that a mirror reveals, does the removal count as evidence for self-recognition? If it does, does it also count as evidence for the existence of a rudimentary self-concept and/or the capacity to ascribe properties to oneself? While Gallup has argued that a properly executed mirror test warrants a positive answer to these questions (Gallup 1982, 1998 Gallup et al. Since the discovery that chimpanzees are able to pass a simple mirror test (Gallup 1970), much has been written about how self-awareness manifests itself in human and animal behaviour.
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